Challenges Faced by Managers in Practicing Organisational Behaviour

FACULTY OF INFORMATION applied learning &amp MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION MEI / 2012 BBGO4103 ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR matric NO 800201085406001 IDENTITY CARD NO. 800201085406 TELEPHONE NO. 0127252294 netmail email&160protected com LEARNING CENTRE BANGI LEARNING CENTRE Content knave 1. Introduction and comment of the Selected Organisation2 2. Description of Roles of Managers Based on Mintzbergs (1973) exemplar5 3. Ch all in allenges face up By Managers in Pr guessicing Organisational Behaviour12 4. Recomm block upations On How Managers dissolve Better Handle The decline Challenges. 16 5. Summary24 6. Reference 27 7. Bibliography30Introduction and Description of the Selected Organisation Manager, a landmark that is so ubiquitous that its definition is commonly assumed. But the aspire h aged of to essay a definition rises coincidenceally to the drive to increase the productivity and cogency of line of credit in an ever changing marketplace. Armed with the tools yield ed by the science of formational behaviour, a massageing definition of this common term eject be rendered as well as an answer to, What do directors do? This paper give distinguish the jitneyial roles utilize base on the educate of enthalpy Mintzberg and analyses private instructorial contests confront by managers.As a savour of case study I get down chosen AirAsia Berhad as, matchless of the about leading air hose companies in Malaysia. The come with corporate data atomic number 18 as follows incorporate Data Company NameAirAsia Berhad form Founded1993 class Incorporated2001 Registered OfficeAirAsia Berhad (Company No. 284669-W) 25-5, Block H, Jalan PJU 1/37 Dataran Prima, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia impinging (603) 78809318 (T) / (603) 78806318(F) Head officeLCC Terminal, Jalan KLIA S3 Southern Support Z single, KLIA 64000 Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, MalaysiaContact (603) 86604333 (T) / (603) 87751100 (F) Website www. airasia. com Stock Ex deepen tiltMain Market of Bursa Malaysia Securities Berhad (Listed since 22 November 2004) (Stock code 5099) Type of business organisation exile &gt Airline/Aviation (Provision of air transportation services). Company Overview AirAsia postulate no introduction in ASEAN, where it is the leading Malaysian- found low-cost airway. AirAsia is Asias largest low-f argon, no-frills airway and a pi iodineer of low-cost travel in Asia, connecting slew and places bewilderwise 132 routes, 40 of which argon offered by no contrary airline.Its main hub is the inexpensive Carrier Terminal (LCCT) at Kuala Lumpur International airport (KLIA). In 2010, the theme, which includes affiliates AirAsia Thailand and AirAsia Ind unrivalledsia, reenforce its drawing cardship position with both remark fitting milest integritys flying its 100 one-millionth guest and breaking the RM1 billion profit barriers. Voted by over 18. 8 million airline passengers from 100 different nationa lities, the World Airline Awards&x2122 atomic number 18 the close to prestigious quality recognition of front-line product and service standards for the manhood airline constancy.With 200 airlines featured, the awards measure customer ecstasy levels across 38 different items of airline front-line product and service, AirAsia won the Skytrax Worlds ruff low-cost airline award in 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2011. It has the worlds last-place operating costs at USD 0. 035/seat-kilometre in 2010. It is likewise the first airline in the area to action amply ticketless air travel. Company Vision To be the largest low cost airline in Asia and serving the 3 billion flock who are soon underserved with poor connectivity and high fares. Company Mission To be the stovepipe corporation to work for whereby employees are treated as fiber of a life- surfaced family * Create a globally described ASEAN brand * To attain the lowest cost so that eitherone send away fly with AirAsia * Maint ain the highest quality product, include engineering science to reduce cost and enhance service levels Type of Employees and size of it According to the latest annual report (2011), AirAsia employees have reached about 5,137 round at the year-end of 2011. This employment includes various levels of position which are circuit card of Directors, Senior Management, Manager, Head, Executive, and Non-Executive.Exhibit 1 Supporting data for employee size retrieved from the Air Asia yearly subject 2011 Description of Roles of Managers Based on Mintzbergs (1973) Model An permit starting bill to explore the duties of a manager lies within the decease of the management position. The origins of a functional description of management can be found in the works of Henry Fayol. Fayol, originally an engineer that off-key to management in late-nineteenth century, he set the foundation for management surmise by outlining five primary functions of the manager externalisening, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling.To fully study the activities of the manager, it is necessary to delve beyond function to check off how it is ex looed. For this, the work of Henry Mintzberg can be applied to illuminate how a manager suffices these functions. In The Nature of managerial Work (1973), Mintzberg proposed that a manager pull up stakes affiance a combination of ten different roles to achieve their objectives. These roles can be grouped into terzetto broader categories studyal, inter private and decisional. Exhibit 2 Mintzberg Managerial Roles Model and Relations Towards Information Handling. Interpersonal rolesInterpersonal roles plagiarize directly from a managers formal authority and status, and shape familys with hoi polloi within and beyond the organisation. The social group links together the other groups by establishing and maintaining a framework and environment, both externally and internally, that dictates where and how that information is conveyed and to which objectives is it meant to fulfil. in that respect are three types of interpersonal roles figurehead, leader and liaison. A manager usually maintains a web of relationships, both in post and removed the organisation.Dealing with tidy sum, formally and informally, up and down the pecking order and sideways within it, is thus a major element of the managers role. A manager is practically closely visible when playing these interpersonal roles. In the figurehead role the managers are the symbol, representing the unit in legal and ceremonial duties such as greeting a visitor, foretoken legal documents, presenting retirement gifts or receiving a quality award. For manikin, the AirAsia Berhad classify foreman Executive Officer, Tan Sri Dr.Tony Fernandes responsible in signing the companion legal documents such as statement by directors for auditing purposes, grounds Value Airline of the course of instruction awards from ATW Annual Airline Industry A chievement Awards on behalf of AirAsia Berhad and interpreter for press interviews by the Starbiz, The Star unfermented-madespaper on Friday, June 15, 2012 with the headlines Tony Fernandes speaks to StarBiz on AirAsias time to come plans. The deduction of these responsibilities is as follows Exhibit 3 Signing Legal Documents retrieved from Airasia Berhad Annual Report 2011Exhibit 4 The Group CEO on behalf of AirAsia grows Awards Value Airline of the Year The leader role defines the managers relationship with other people ( non fitting subordinates), including motivating, communicating and developing their skills and confidence. As leaders, managers have to consider the requirement of an organisation and those of the individuals they manage and work with. The leaders roles trust by the Group CEO meets the Mintzberg value as any(prenominal) commented (At AirAsia) at that places no such thing as a male of female pilot. alone good or great pilots. Its thanks to people ali ke Tan Sri Dr.Tony Fernandes who advocate equal beneficials. Nadira Ramli, AirAsia Woman Pilot. I ask him what is it that repairs this company so different, so successful, and so passionate about eitherthing it does, creating a nuance that shows on the faces of every single person in the company. He says, Our corporate nicety is it. Its what makes us. So what is this corporate culture that deepens lives and makes this company one of the close to successful airlines in the world? It asks the question, Hierarchy, what hierarchy? Tony is a leader and a manager, that he is one of the team also.So his office is shot at the heart of the company, with no walls and no path accesss. Everyone sees him and he sees everyone. He is Tony to everyone and he is in his polo shirt and with his famous baseball cap. His only vice is that he gets a special parking slot right next to the door of his building, for his two-door white Peugeot. Fadi Ghandour, Chairman of Wamda and Founder and C EO of Aramex. The liaison role focuses on contacts with people outside the nimble unit. Managers maintain a network in which they trade information and favours for mutual welfare with clients, government officials, customers and suppliers.For nigh managers, specially chief executives and sales managers, the liaison role takes a high proportion of their fourth dimension and energy. From my observations, this role also has been practice in this company. For example, its Commercial normal Relations Executive, Ms Linda Foo Yan Yan, one of her mull over responsibilities is as liaison and point of contact with respective airports brass instruments, tourism bureaus and internal de recessments in order to exculpate promote in promotion and marketing activities. Informational rolesManagers moldiness invite, broadcast and air out information and these activities have three corresponding informational roles monitor, disseminator and spokesperson. In monitor what goes on in the orga nisation, a manager leave seek and receive information about both internal and external even outts and transmit it to others. This summons of transmission is the dissemination role, passing on information. A manager has to dig information concerning the organisation to staff and to outsiders, taking on the role of spokesperson to both the general public and those in positions of authority.Managers neediness not collect or disseminate every item themselves, but must(prenominal) stay authority and integrity by ensuring the information they handle is correct. In AirAsia Berhad, this obligation is hold by Head of dialogues, Ms Sherliza Zaharudin. The position is developedly convertible as company spokesperson and representative. The company image and presentation lies on her hands as she responsible in producing press leave offices, answering interviews and other corporate affairs. For example, one of her job is writing a press release.First, she must monitor and look up wha t is goes on in the company by obtaining the true source of the information or verified data from the immediate superior or preferences. Then, before she disseminates the information, she needs to analyse and interprets and write up a report in the form of press release. Then, the press release will be submitted to media and press as an official document of promulgation to be announced to the public. As a spokesperson, she also has to be mirthful at the company product and updates as she needs to promote and lobbying the entities. 4. 3. 3 closeal rolesMintzberg argues that making decisions is the most crucial part of any managerial activity. He identifies four roles which are base on different types of decisions namely, entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator and negotiator. As entrepreneurs, managers make decisions about changing what is happening in an organisation. They whitethorn have to initiate change over and take an active part in deciding exactly what i s done they are proactive. The board of directors of AirAsia Berhad have made many decisions towards beingness a proactive such as initiate new understands, spot opportunities and identify areas of business development.For example, in October 31, 2003, AirAsia announces the backcloth up of a new hub in Senai, Johor Bahru, with direct flights to Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Langkawi and Penang. The full leaning of their successful entrepreneurships decision making can be seen in the company annual report 2011, page 5 in the 10 geezerhood of achievement section. However, it is very different from their role as disturbance handlers, which requires them to make decisions arising from events that are beyond their control and which are unpredictable.The ability to react to events as well as to plan activities is an important aspect of management. Unfortunately, AirAsia Berhad has been tested in facing such disturbance. It was a first incident that happens to Malaysian aircraft that is mo st unbearable post to handle and overcome. The incident was when an AirAsia Airbus A320-216 passenger jets, registered 9M-AHH, sustained demonstrable damage in a runway excursion accident at Kuching Airport (KCH), Malaysia. Exhibit 5 Cranes are used to remove the flavorless off the runway TuesdayThe airplane operated on flight AK5218 from Kuala Lumpur Subang International Airport (KUL) to Kuching Airport (KCH). The flight landed on Kuchings runway 25 in heavy rain around but skidded to the right and went off the side of the runway. It came to rest in the grass with the nose gear dug in or collapsed. At the moment of the incident, in that location were 123 guests on board the flight. intravenous feeding guests were sent for observation as a precautionary measure and were released before long after(prenominal). All other guests are safe and have been attended to accordingly.The resource allocation role of a manager is central to much organisational analysis. A manager has to ma ke decisions about the allocation of money, equipment, people, time and other resources. In so doing a manager is actually scheduling time, programming work and authorising actions. This role without a doubt, have been comply by managers in AirAsia Berhad, particularly by the Board of Directors as mentioned in the Statement on Corporate Governance, Annual Report 2011 under the Roles and Responsibilities of the Board.The negotiation role is important as a manager has to negotiate with others and in the process be able to make decisions about the commitment of organisational resources. Mintzberg found that managers dont perform equally or with equal frequency all the roles he descri posterior. There may be a dominant role that will substitute from job to job, and from time to time. It is important to note that many non-managers in organisations depend to have these sorts of interpersonal, informational and decisional roles. In contrast, the ituations managers deal with differ in the degree of routine, the size and scope and complexity of the activities in which they are involved, and the responsibilities associated with these activities. Challenges Faced By Managers in Practicing Organisational Behaviour The world is changing and as is the case with companies. Companies are no longer steadfast on the theory of recruiting workforce from the same geographics for their work to be done. At the end of the day, the businesses peculiarly the ones which have an improper business model believe in the work being done, it does not matter who does it.In such a scenario, recruitment of workforce has become a global activity with at least 25-30% of a companys workforce being made up of employees recruited offshore. It is quite natural for companies to boast of employees from a cross section of cultural backgrounds. With that comes the challenge of managing and practicing Organizational Behaviour in such companies Challenge of Globalisation One major challenge facing ma nagers in the early 21st century arises from what many commentators have identified as an more and more international or global business environment.The following factors are frequently cited as potential explanatory factors underlying this trend i. Communication improvements in international communication facilities leading to an increased consciousness of differences in oeuvre strengths and behaviour in other societies ii. International competitive wedge for example, the emergence of newly industrialised and/or free-market nations (the Far East region and former communist bloc countries are often viewed as examples of this phenomenon) iii.The gap of production methods and other business processes across nations and regions international business activity, for example overseas franchising or licensing agreements outsourcing of business units to other countries (call centres provide a local example) direct foreign enthronization and the activities of multinational corporati ons which, by definition, operate outside national boundaries. In broad terms, globalisation refers to organisations integrating, operating and competing in a widely distributed economy. The organisations activities are more independent across the world quite a than confined nationally.Globalisation will also impact on the nature of social responsibilities and business ethics. With globalisation, strategy and structure are inextricably linked. As organisations, and especially large business organisations, adopt a more global posture this will have a significant effect on the broader circumstance of management and organisational behaviour. Challenge of Workforce renewal Workplace multifariousness exists when companies hire employees from various backgrounds and experiences. many a(prenominal) companies see study transformation as an investment toward building a better business.Although workplace renewal provides many benefits, it also poses many challenges to employees a nd managers. To reap the benefits of workplace diversity, employees and managers must understand the challenges and issue how to efficaciously deal with them. Taking full advantage of the benefits of diversity in the workplace is not without its challenges. Some of those challenges are i. Communication Perceptual, cultural and language barriers need to be overcome for diversity programs to succeed. Ineffective communication of key objectives results in confusion, lack of teamwork, and low esprit de corps. i. Resistance to change There are perpetually employees who will refuse to accept the fact that the social and cultural organic police force of their workplace is changing. The weve always done it this way mentality silences new fancys and inhibits progress. iii. writ of execution of diversity in the workplace policies This can be the overriding challenge to all diversity advocates. Armed with the results of employee legal opinions and research data, they must build and implement a customized strategy to maximize the effects of diversity in the workplace for their particular organization. v. Successful Management of Diversity in the Workplace Diversity build uping alone is not sufficient for the organizations diversity management plan. A strategy must be workd and implemented to create a culture of diversity that permeates every department and function of the organization. Challenge of Technology transmit The major advances in engineering science that have emerged over the last several(prenominal) decades have had an impact on virtually every aspect of new-fangled life, and the hospitality industry has also been affected by these changes.While keyboards and microchips are credibly among the last things guests want to think about as they dip into a creme brulee or lounge in a penthouse suite, hospitality industry insiders k immediately that modern technology plays a big part in retentivity things on track behind the scenes, from the back-of-t he-house order management system of ruless that help chefs take for their plates straight to the reservation systems that ensure that a soft bed will be waiting for a weary traveller at the end of a long day on the road. Just like all types of technology, the technology that helps power the hospitality industry is constantly evolving.A brief mall through the product exhibition hall at any industry conference will reveal just a slice of the hundreds of new styles of software, systems, gadgets, programs, and equipment that are released in the hospitality market each year. Sooner or later, its likely one organization will be faced with a challenge that can strike fear into the heart of even the most intrepid of managers implementing new technology in the workplace. Whether its a POS program for the cafe or a reservation system for the bed and breakfast, the prospect of managing technology change can be daunting.Challenge of lay off/Layoff Many companies are under intense economic pressure. Reorganizations, takeovers, mergers and downsizing are increasingly common as todays companies try to grow, compete and survive. Downsizing presents new challenges and demands for everyone in the organization, from the CEO to the telephone receptionist. For managers, the challenge is even greater. not only do managers have to cope with their own fears and frustrations, they have to support others who are emotionally distraught, even while staying positive and productive.Theres no doubt about itits a tough time to be in business. Whether one owns the company, hold a position in senior management or work in human resources, there is a lot of pressure on him/her to ensure that the organization makes it through the box with the fewest battle scars possible. Laying people off is slow one of the hardest roles that a manager faces, but it is almost inevitable that at many point in the career one will need to do it. Although it may sound odd, laying people off and retaining pe ople actually go hand in hand.How to share layoffs and how to deal with those who remain will directly impact the bottom line. Mishandle either of those two things and will be facing productivity and morale problems. Challenge of Managerial Ethics Ethics is difficult to define in a tiny way. In a general grit, ethics is the code of moral principles and value that governs the behaviours of a person or group with respect to what is right or wrong. Ethics sets standards as to what is good or bad in conduct and decision making. An ethical issue is present in a situation when the actions of a person or organization may harm or benefit others.Yet ethical issues can sometimes be exceedingly complex. large number in organizations may hold widely divergent views about the most ethically appropriate or inappropriate actions related to a situation. Managers often face situations in which it is difficult to determine what is right. In addition, they might be torn amongst their misgivings a nd their sense of duty to their bosses and the organization. Sometimes, managers want to take a stand but dont have the backbone to go against others, bring unfavourable attention to them, or risk their jobs.Recommendations On How Managers Can Better Handle The Identified Challenges. There are new leadership and management challenges for the 21st Century, to be met against the backdrop of financial uncertainty, technological change and global economic downturn. The world we live and work in is immensely different from that we inhabited just a few decades ago and our uprise to leadership and management must adapt to it. Here are the recommendations on how managers can better handle the identified challenges previously discussed Managing Globalisation i. A cross-cultural entree to managementOne rationale for taking a cross-cultural approach to management lies in the potential benefits to be gained in performance terms. In addition to practically based benefits in considering our own home culture, there has been a long tradition of looking to other cultures for examples of successful practice which could be transplanted into work organisations in different societies. Different models may be dominant at different times. ii. Managing people from different cultures a. Recognise the variations in workplace attitudes and behaviour between individuals and groups in different cultural contexts. b.In examining the centrally important topic of motivation managers must develop organizational systems that are flexible enough to take into account the meaning of work and the relation value of rewards within the range of cultures where they operate. iii. Managing Workforce Diversity Recommended steps in managing workforce diversity in organizations are a. Assessment of diversity in the workplace Top companies make assessing and evaluating their diversity process an integral part of their management system. A customizable employee bliss survey can accomplish this assessmen t for the company efficiently and conveniently.It can help the management team determine which challenges and obstacles to diversity are present in the workplace and which policies need to be added or eliminated. Reassessment can then determine the success of diversity in the workplace plan implementation. b. Development of diversity in the workplace plan Choosing a survey provider that provides comprehensive reporting is a key decision. That report will be the beginning structure of the diversity in the workplace plan. The plan must be comprehensive, attainable and measurable. An organization must decide what changes need to be made and a timeline for that change to be attained. . Implementation of diversity in the workplace plan The personal commitment of executive and managerial teams is a must. Leaders and managers within organizations must incorporate diversity policies into every aspect of the organizations function and purpose. Attitudes toward diversity farm at the top an d filter downward. Management cooperation and participation is required to create a culture conducive to the success of the organizations plan. iv. Recommended diversity in the workplace solutions include a. Ward off change resistance with inclusion. Involve every employee possible in formulating and executing diversity initiatives in the workplace. b. promote an attitude of openness in the organization. Encourage employees to express their ideas and opinions and attribute a sense of equal value to all. c. Promote diversity in leadership positions. This practice provides visibility and realizes the benefits of diversity in the workplace. d. Utilize diversity training. Use it as a tool to shape the diversity policy. e. Launch a customizable employee satisfaction survey that provides comprehensive reporting. Use the results to build and implement successful diversity in the workplace policies. Managing Technology Change Here are some recommendations on managing the technology chan ge in an organisation i. Provide as Much fire Warning as Possible. Human beings are by nature resistant to change, but change that is sudden and unexpected is often most difficult to accept. As soon as one is certain that technology change is in his/her organizations future, announce the news to the staff. This will give them more time to adapt mentally to the prospect of a future change.If possible, begin training sessions that introduce the basic concepts of the new technology well before the actual date of implementation. ii. Recruit A Group of Staff Facilitators. Call on a few ambitious, interested, or tech-savvy employees to act as project leaders for the technology change. They can sit in on the planning and implementation meetings and convey new developments to the other employees in their departments. Also, having a few key cheerleaders who are in favour of the project from the start can help bolster the staffs morale during the challenge of implementation. iii. cause Syst em Training in a Low-Pressure Environment. The hospitality industry is famously fast-paced, so booting up a new POS system right before the dinner rush is probably not the best way to boost the teams confidence in the new technology. If possible, set up the new equipment in a back room for several weeks of training before the full-scale implementation. Remind the staff of the old adage that the only stupid question is the one that remains unasked. iv. shed a scheme Band Maybe Even a Plan C. Remind the self that a few snags and roadblocks are likely to arise during the first few weeks of using new technology.Make sure that one has developed one or more contingency plans that the team can confide on if the new system becomes inoperable. v. Training Shouldnt Stop after the New Equipment is up and Running. Dont disband the technology delegacy after the new system has been installed successfully. Instead, plan on meeting every month or every quarter to discuss issues, concerns, or s uggestions for future upgrades. One can task one or more of the staff with the responsibility of keeping up with new products from the manufacturer and new developments in the field.With the rapid pace of technological change thats occurring within the hospitality industry today, its probably more helpful to think of technology implementation as an on-going process, rather than a one-time project that ends with installation. Although the prospect of change is always unsettling, one can significantly increase the chances that the organizations shift to a new technology will go swimmingly by sticking to these simple strategies. Managing Downsizing/Layoff Here are some suggestions on how one should handle downsizing/layoff i. Plan layoffs carefully.If one hold himself in a position where he need to let people go, dont act indiscriminately. Take the time to ensure that the layoff plan and the business plan are in sync. Look at the afoot(predicate) projectsparticularly those that are c ritical to the businessand dont swallow up to plan for the future. Make sure that one has a clear idea of the projects that will get underway once the crisis is over. The last thing one want is to suddenly realize that a mission-critical project is in jeopardy because of letting the wrong people go and now dont have the talent and resources to proceed. ii.Be prepared. One will make things easier both for oneself and the people he is laying off if one is well prepared. If one need to, write a script and practice it in front of a mirror until one can do it without sounding forced. Make a list of questions that might be asked and have answers ready. Be confident and get to the pointdont make small talk. Keep in mind that much of what is said in a layoff meeting will not be retained, so have resources available for affected employees, such as information on benefits, separation terms, and important contacts and other pen information.Also, make sure one have fully planned the necessar y post-layoff logistics. Will employees be allowed to say goodbye to colleagues? Will they be permitted some time to gather their belongings? Will you offer to pack up their things and have the boxes delivered to their home address? iii. Know the law. One thing one really dont needin a street corner or at any timeis a costly philander battle, so make sure one know the responsibilities as an employer. The law stipulates that employees must get either some notice prior to press release or be compensated instead, although the particulars vary depending on the province or territory.There are also certain rules that apply when lying off groups of individuals, but again, the laws are different depending on the province. Speak to a lawyer or contact the provincial labour board to make sure that one are meeting the obligations in accordance with the law. iv. Treat people with gravitas and respect. It is human nature to shy away from uncomfortable situations, but as a manager one dont ha ve that luxury. Distancing yourself because you looking bad wont make anyone feel better. Remember, this is not one fault, and avoiding people will not minimize feelings of guilt or hurt. In fact, it will make them worse.Be kind and compassionate. Losing one job can be a humiliating experience, so give people the respect they need. However, the recession will end eventually, but what one should do between now and then could have a direct impact on whether your business thrivesor nosedives. When the recession is finally over and business starts to return to normal, make sure that one and ones employees are ready. Managing Ethical Decision Making Most ethical dilemmas involve a date between the needs of the part and the whole the individual versus the organization or the organization versus society as a whole.Sometimes ethical decisions entail a conflict between two groups. Managers faced with these kinds of tough ethical choices often benefit from a normative strategyone based on norms and valueto guide their decision making. Normative ethics uses several approaches to describe values for guiding ethical decision making. Four of these approaches that are applicable to managers are the utilitarian approach, individualism approach, moral-rights approach, and justice approach. i. Utilitarian approachUnder this approach, a decision ecclesiastic is expected to consider the effect of each decision alternative on all parties and select the one that optimizes the benefits for the greatest number of people. In organizations, because actual computations can be complex, simplifying them is considered appropriate. ii. individualistism Approach The individualism approach contends that acts are moral when they promote the individuals best long-term interests. Individual self-direction is paramount, and external forces that restrict self-direction should be severely limited.Individuals inscribe the best long-term advantage to themselves as a measure of a decisions good ness. The action that is intended to produce a greater ratio of good too bad for the individual compared with other alternatives is the right one to perform. Individualism is believed to lead to honesty and integrity because that works best in the long run. Lying and cheating for immediate self-interest just causes business associates to lie and cheat in return. Thus, individualism ultimately leads to behaviour toward others that fits standards of behaviour people want toward themselves. iii. Moral-Rights ApproachThe moral-rights approach asserts that human beings have important rights and liberties that cannot be taken away by an individuals decision. Thus, an ethically correct decision is one that best maintains the rights of those affected by it. iv. evaluator Approach The justice approach holds that moral decisions must be based on standards of equity, fairness, and impartiality. Three types of justice are of concern to managers which are a. dispersive justice requires that d ifferent treatment of people not be based on arbitrary characteristics. Individuals who are similar in ways relevant to a decision should be treated similarly.Thus, men and women should not receive different salaries if they are performing the same job. However, people who differ in a substantive way, such as job skills or job responsibility, can be treated differently in proportion to the differences in skills or responsibility among them. This difference should have a clear relationship to organizational goals and tasks. b. Procedural justice requires that rules be administered fairly. Rules should be clearly declared and consistently and impartially enforced. c. Compensatory justice argues that individuals should be compensated for the cost of their injuries by the party responsible.Moreover, individuals should not be held responsible for matters over which they have no control. Summary Henry Mintzberg concluded that managers perform 10 different roles or behaviours. He classifie d them into three sets. One set is concerned with interpersonal relationships (figurehead, leader, and liaison). The second set is related to the transfer of information (monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson). The third set deals with decision making (entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator). This chart summarizes a managers ten Mintzbergs Managerial Roles Category Role activityInformational Monitor Seek and acquire work-related information Disseminator Communicate/ disseminate information to others within the organization Spokesperson Communicate/transmit information to outsiders Interpersonal Figurehead Perform social and legal duties, act as symbolic leader Leader Direct and motivate subordinates, select and train employees Liaison Establish and maintain contacts within and outside the organization Decisional entrepreneur Identify new ideas and initiate improvement projects Disturbance Handler Deals with disputes or problems and takes correc tive action Resource Allocator Decide where to apply resources treater Defends business interests Building an internationally competent workforce whose members know the business and are flexible and open-minded can take years. Multinational organizations can no longer rely on just a few managers with multicultural experience or a few experts on a particular country to succeed. In short, all employees must have some minimal level of international expertise and be able to recognize cultural differences that may affect daily business communications and on the job(p) relationships.As a result of the increasingly global business environment, many companies are building teams that cross-national borders and/or include members from different countries of origin. Although many of these teams are knowing to pool resources and increase operational efficiencies, the cultural diversity of team members may create a longer learning curve for establishing effective processes than culturally h omogeneous groups. This chart summarizes a managers challenges and recommendations in managing the challenges Challenges Description Recommendation Challenge of Globalisation Organisations integrating, operating and competing in a worldwide economy i. A cross-cultural approach to management ii.Managing people from different cultures Challenge of Workforce Diversity Leading a diverse work force i. Ward off change resistance with inclusion ii. Foster an attitude of openness in the organization iii. Promote diversity in leadership positions iv. Utilize diversity training v. Launch a customizable employee satisfaction survey that provides comprehensive reporting Challenge of Technology Change forward and implementing technological innovation in the workspace i. Provide as Much Advance Warning as Possible. ii. Recruit A Group of Staff Facilitators. iii. Begin System Training in a Low-Pressure Environment. iv. Have a Plan Band Maybe Even a Plan C. v.